ai-quanton GmbH

Instrumentations for Particles and Flow

References

We work primarily with R&D departments, universities, and research institutes. Please review our patents and publications to see which companies we have collaborated with and on which topics. Note that not all our projects are publicly available. Feel free to contact us for a detailed reference list and full publication list.

  1. A. M. A. Doan, W. Schaefer, V. Chernoray, “Analysis of the light scattering of a colloid droplet on a Gaussian beam to determine the suspension concentration,” in ILASS-Europe, Lund, Sweden, 2025
  2. W. Schaefer, “Refractive index determination of dynamic droplets in a flow by analyzing light scattering signals with a machine learning approach,” in 11th International Symposium on Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer, Tokyo, Japan, 2025
  3. W. Schaefer, S. Fleck, M. Haas, and T. Jakobs, “Optical Measurement Method for Monitoring High-Mass-Concentration Slurry Sprays: An Experimental Study,” Photonics, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 673, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.3390/photonics12070673.
  4. W. Schäfer and L. Li, “Particle characterization by analyzing light scattering signals with a machine learning approach.,” in ICLASS 2024, 16th Triennial International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Shanghai, 2024
  5. V. Schuller, M. Schwarz, P. Rapmund, and W. Schäfer, “Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur kalibrationsfreien Bestimmung des Radius eines beinahe rotationssymmetrischen Körpers mittels Verschattungstechnik,” Patent: DE102023110189A1, 2024
  6. W. Schäfer, “Verfahrens zur Erzeugung oszillierender Streulichtintensitäten zur Bestimmung eines Teilcheneigenschaftsvektors,” Patent: DE102023127552.6, 2024
  7. W. Schaefer and L. Li, “Particle characterization by analyzing light scattering signals with a machine learning approach,” Appl. Opt., vol. 63, no. 29, p. 7701, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1364/AO.531346
  8. W. Schäfer, “Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Charakterisierung der Teilcheneigenschaften durch Auswertung eines Streulichtsignals mittels eines maschinellen Lernmodells und Reduzierung des primären Apparates,” Patent: 102023134228.2, 2024
  9. W. Schaefer, “Paint Spray Process Monitoring with K-Means Machine Learning and Time-Shift Technology,” ResearchGate, pp. 1–9, 2023, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33331.85280
  10. W. Schaefer, C. Tropea, G. Wigger, and D. Eierhoff, “Spray measurements with the time-shift technique,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 32, no. 10, p. 105202, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1088/1361-6501/ac0467
  11. L. Li, S. Rosenkranz, W. Schäfer, and C. Tropea, “Light scattering from a drop with an embedded flake: Application to the time-shift technique,” in ICLASS 2018 – 14th International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Chicago, USA, 2020
  12. L. Li, P. G. Stegmann, S. Rosenkranz, W. Schäfer, and C. Tropea, “Simulation of light scattering from a colloidal droplet using a polarized Monte Carlo method: application to the time-shift technique,” Opt. Express, vol. 27, no. 25, p. 36388, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1364/oe.27.036388
  13. L. Li, S. Rosenkranz, W. Schäfer, and C. Tropea, “Light scattering from a drop with an embedded particle and its exploitation in the time-shift technique,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., vol. 227, pp. 20–31, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2019.01.022
  14. L. Li, C. Li, S. Rosenkranz, W. Schäfer, and C. Tropea, “Measurement of colloid concentration in drops using the time-shift technique,” in 29th Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Paris, France, 2019
  15. L. Li, S. Rosenkranz, W. Schäfer, and C. Tropea, “Light scattering from a drop with an embedded spherical particle for the time-shift technique,” in 12th International Conference on Laser-light and Interactions with Particles, Texas, USA, 2018
  16. C. Tropea and W. Schäfer, “Method and device for determining characteristic properties of a transparent particle,” Patent: US20170010197A1, 2016
  17. W. Schäfer, S. Rosenkranz, F. Brinckmann, and C. Tropea, “Analysis of pneumatic atomizer spray profiles,” Particuology, vol. 29, pp. 80–85, Dec. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.partic.2015.12.002
  18. Walter Schäfer and Cameron Tropea, “Characterization of Atomization Processes in Suspension/Emulsion Sprays,” J. Energy Power Eng., vol. 10, no. 4, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.17265/1934-8975/2016.04.002
  19. C. Tropea and W. Schäfer, “Method and device for determining the size of a transparent particle,” Patent: US20170045434A1, 2016
  20. W. Schäfer, “Droplet and Particle Measurement Technique for Inline Processes,” in IX Conference with International Participation for Fuel Combustion: Theory, Experiment, Applications, Nowosibirsk, Russia, 2015
  21. W. Schäfer and C. Tropea, “Characterization of atomization processes in suspension/emulsion sprays,” in ICLASS 2015 – 13th International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Tainan, Taiwan, 2015
  22. W. Schäfer, “Verfahren zur Auswertung des zeitaufgelösten Intensitätsverlaufs einer einem zu vermessenden Objekt zugeordneten Strahlung,” Patent: DE102015101639A1, 2015
  23. W. Schäfer, S. Rosenkranz, and C. Tropea, “Validation of the Time-Shift Technique for Spray Characterization,” in 27th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Raleigh, USA, 2015
  24. W. Schäfer and C. Tropea, “Characterization of atomization processes in suspension/emulsion sprays,” Tainan, Taiwan, 2015. doi: 10.17265/1934-8975/2016.04.002.
  25. W. Schäfer, “Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Durchsatzes, des Volumenstromes und des Massenstromes von Teilchen,” Patent: DE102014211514B4, 2014
  26. W. Schäfer and C. Tropea, “The time-shift technique for measurement size of non-transparent spherical particles,” in International Conference on Optical Particle Characterization (OPC 2014), N. Aya, N. Iki, T. Shimura, and T. Shirai, Eds., Tokyo, Japan, Aug. 2014, p. 92320H. doi: 10.1117/12.2063342.
  27. W. Schäfer and C. Tropea, “Time-shift technique for simultaneous measurement of size, velocity, and relative refractive index of transparent droplets or particles in a flow,” Appl. Opt., vol. 53, no. 4, p. 588, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.1364/ao.53.000588.
  28. W. Schäfer and M. Hecker, “Verfahren zur Ermittlung von charakteristischen Eigenschaften einer Dispersion,” Patent: DE102014106598A1, 2014
  29. C. Tropea and W. Schäfer, “The Time-shift technique for characterization of non-transparent, spherical particles,” in 25th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Chania, Crete, 2013
  30. W. Schäfer and C. Tropea, “Zeitverschiebungsverfahren zur Charakterisierung von transparenten Partikeln,” in 21 Fachtagung, Lasermethoden in der Strömungsmesstechnik, Munich, Germany, 2013
  31. W. Schäfer, “The time-shift technique for measurement of size and velocity of particles,” in Lasers and Interactions with Particles, Rouen, France, 2012
  32. C. Tropea and W. Schäfer, “Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung der Größe eines opaken transluzenten Teilchens,” Patent: WO2013024166A1, 2012
  33. C. Tropea and W. Schäfer, “Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung von charakteristischen eigenschaften eines transparenten teilchens,” Patent: WO2013024167A1, 2012
  34. C. Tropea and W. Schäfer, “Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung der Größe eines transparenten Teilchens,” Patent: DE102012102363A1, 2012
  35. W. Schäfer, “Time-shift technique for particle characterization in sprays,” ISBN: 9783844267082, Technische Universität Darmstadt, PhD Thesis 2012
  36. C. Tropea and W. Schäfer, “Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung der Größe eines opaken transluzenten Teilchens,” Patent: DE102012102364A1, 2012
  37. C. Tropea and W. Schäfer, “Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung von charakteristischen Eigenschaften eines transparenten Teilchens,” Patent: DE102012102361A1, 2011
  38. W. Schäfer and C. Tropea, “The Time-Shift Technique for Measurement of Size and Velocity of Particles,” in 24th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Estoril, Portugal, 2011
  39. W. Schäfer, C. Tropea, and W. Elsäßer, “Determination of Size and Refractive Index of a Single Water Droplet by Using a Light Source with Short Coherence Length (LED),” in 15th Int Symp on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal, 2010